The continuity engine for Earth's fire record
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FireSync

The continuity engine for Earth's fire record

World
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Radius (km)200
Click the map to place the circle
Click a country, then a province or state, to build its fire calendar
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What the columns show1—
Global record

World

01

Burning activity calendar

Selected month
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Historical median
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Anomaly vs median
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Rank among years
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Burned area (ha)
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03

Seasonal profile vs historical median

04

Annual totals and the 2012 sensor jump

05

Validation lab

Predicted vs observed, country-months

MODIS shutdown simulator

06

How FireSync harmonizes MODIS and VIIRS

MODIS (Terra 2000–, Aqua 2002–) holds the long fire record but is retiring. VIIRS (Suomi NPP 2012–2026, NOAA-20 2018–, NOAA-21 2024–) sees roughly 4–6 times more hotspots by day and far more at night, thanks to its 375 m pixels. Gluing the two raw records together fakes a fire explosion in 2012. FireSync builds one consistent record in VIIRS-equivalent hotspots:

  1. Common filters. Keep FIRMS type = 0 (presumed vegetation fire); volcanoes, static industrial sources and offshore flares are removed, and a static-source mask built from the archive does the same for near-real-time data, which has no type field. Keep MODIS confidence ≥ 30 and VIIRS nominal or high confidence. Low confidence is dropped everywhere, so the South Atlantic Anomaly filter that FIRMS applies only to near-real-time data cannot create a break.
  2. Reference-satellite chain. One satellite defines each month: Terra (Nov 2000–Jun 2002), then Aqua (Jul 2002–Jan 2012), Suomi NPP (Feb 2012–Oct 2026) and NOAA-20 (from Nov 2026). Satellites are never summed, so adding or losing one cannot inflate the counts.
  3. Stratified calibration. For every country × calendar month × day/night stratum, a ratio factor is fitted on the overlap: Aqua vs Suomi NPP 2012–2021, Terra vs Suomi NPP 2012–2019 and NOAA-20 vs Suomi NPP 2018–2025. Thin strata are shrunk toward the country factor and then the global factor (k = 30 pseudo-detections), so small regions stay stable.
  4. Uncertainty. Reconstructed months carry a likely range, taken from the interquartile range of the yearly ratios in their stratum.
  5. Blind validation. Factors fitted on 2012–2017 predict 2018–2021 from Aqua alone. The errors are published above, next to those of a single global factor.
  6. Anomalies. Each month is compared with the median of the same calendar month over a baseline (default 2012–2025, observed VIIRS only), excluding the year being evaluated, and ranked among all years.

Aggregation: every FIRMS detection since November 2000 (48 yearly global archives plus the 2026 API record) is binned to a 0.25° grid by country, month, satellite and day/night. Country calendars are exact sums. Each of the 4,596 provinces and states on Earth (Natural Earth admin-1) sums the 0.25° cells whose centre falls inside it; coastal cells whose centre lies offshore join the nearest province, so 98.9% of all burning cells belong to one. The 49,038 departments, counties and districts (geoBoundaries) are nested in their province and built the same way; custom circles sum the cells whose centre falls inside the circle.

Limitations

  • Hotspots are not hectares and not a count of fires. One fire produces many detections, and clouds, smoke and the overpass time hide others. The calendar shows activity; the burned-area figure comes from a different product (MODIS MCD64A1).
  • Before February 2012 there is no VIIRS. Those months are reconstructed from MODIS and cannot be checked against VIIRS for those years. The blind hindcast estimates the error: a single country-month is off by about 23% (median), while totals are within a few percent.
  • Factors are fitted per country, calendar month and day or night. A province or department inherits the factors of its country, so a region whose vegetation differs from the national mix can be over- or under-corrected in the MODIS era.
  • Small areas are indicative. Values come from 0.25° cells (about 28 km) assigned by their centre. An area of only a few cells carries a border error of about one cell.
  • MODIS orbits have drifted (Terra since 2020, Aqua since 2022). That is why the record is anchored on VIIRS and MODIS is used only before 2012.
  • The latest weeks are near-real-time data. Counts can change slightly when FIRMS publishes the standard product, and the last month is partial.
  • The hand-over check covers one month (October 2026): the only full month with both Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 in the 2026 record.

Sources. NASA FIRMS country archives (MODIS MCD14ML Collection 6.1/6.2; VIIRS 375 m VNP14IMG and VJ114IMG V002) and the FIRMS area API for 2026 (standard and near-real-time products), firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov. Burned area: MODIS MCD64A1 Collection 6.1 (NASA LP DAAC), accessed through Microsoft Planetary Computer. Country, province and state borders: Natural Earth 1:10m admin-1 and 1:50m admin-0 (public domain). Departments, counties and districts: geoBoundaries gbOpen ADM2 (Runfola et al. 2020; 49,038 units in about 180 countries, licence per country, shown with each unit). Town search: © OpenStreetMap contributors (Nominatim). NASA Blue Marble imagery via the three-globe examples. Libraries: three.js, globe.gl, Apache ECharts. We acknowledge the use of data and imagery from NASA's Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).